Toddler Information
A toddler is a young child, usually defined as being between the ages of one and three.[1][2] Registered nurse, midwife and author, Robin Barker, states that 'Any time from eight months onwards your baby will begin to realize he or she is a separate person from you. He or she will find it exciting to be able to move away from you but scary when you move away from him or her.'[3]
Contents
|
Toddler development
The toddler years are a time of great cognitive, emotional and social development. Toddler development refers to the changes that occur in children aged between 1 and 3 years. Change may occur as a result of genetic processes known as maturation, or may be due to environmental factors and learning. Usually it involves an interaction between the two.
Developmental milestones and the toddler
Toddler development can be broken into a number of interrelated areas.[4] There is reasonable consensus about what these include:
Physical: Refers to growth or an increase in size. Gross motor: Refers to the control of large muscles, which enable walking, running, jumping and climbing. Fine motor: Refers to the ability to control small muscles, enabling the toddler to feed themselves, draw and manipulate objects. Vision: Refers to the ability to see near and far and interpret what is seen. Hearing and speech: Hearing is the ability to hear and receive information and listen (interpret). Speech is the ability to understand and learn language and use it to communicate effectively. Social: Refers to the ability to interact with the world through playing with others, taking turns and fantasy play.
Although it is useful to chart defined periods of development, it is also necessary to recognise that development exists on a continuum, with considerable individual differences between children. There is a wide range of what may be considered 'normal' development.
Developmental milestones at 1 year of age
At one year of age, the typical toddler will be able to display the following skills[5]:
PHYSICAL AND MOTOR SKILLS
- Triple the birth weight
- Grow to a height of 50% over birth length
- Have a head circumference equal to that of the chest
- Have one to eight teeth
- Pull to stand
- Walk with help or alone
- Sit down without help
- Bang two blocks together
- Turn through the pages of a book by flipping many pages at a time
- Have a pincer grasp
- Sleep 8 - 10 hours a night and take one to two naps
SENSORY AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
- Follows a fast moving object
- Can respond to sounds
- Responds to his or her name
- Understands several words
- Can say mamma, papa, and at least one or two other words
- Understands simple commands
- Tries to imitate animal sounds
- Connects names with objects
- Understands that objects continue to exist, even when they are not seen (object constancy)
- Points to objects with index finger
- Waves bye bye
- May develop attachment to a toy or object
- Experiences separation anxiety and may cling to parents
- May make brief journeys away from parents to explore in familiar settings
2 years
- Weight: about 11–13 kg
- Height: about 80–82 cm
Teeth: 12 temporary
2½ years
- Teeth: full set of 20 temporary
- Decreased need for naps
Motor development
14 months
- Walks well alone with wide based gait
- Creeps upstairs
- Builds of two blocks
- Drinks from a cup, uses spoon
- Enjoys throwing objects and picking them up
18 months
- Walks sideways and backwards, runs well, falls easily
- Climbs stairs or up on furnitures
- Scribbles vigorously, attempting a straight line
- Drinks well from a cup, still spills with a spoon
2 years
- Gross motor skills quite well refined, can walk up and down stairs on both feet, one step at a time while holding on to a rail
- Builds tower of five cubes
- Control of spoon well-developed
- Toilet trained during day time
Vocalization and socialization
15 months
- Can use 10-15 words
- Says "no" (see holophrasis)
- Indicates when diaper is wet
18 months
- Uses phrases composed of adjectives and nouns
- Begins to have temper tantrums
- Very ritualistic, has favorite toy or blanket, thumb-sucking may be at peak
2 years
- Vocabulary of about 350 words
- Obey simple commands
- Helps undress self and put on simple clothes
- Shows sign of increased autonomy and individuality
- Does not share possessions, everything "mine"
2½ years
- Begins to see self as separate individual; still sees other children as "objects"
Major learning events
Toilet training
- Psychological readiness
- Process training
- Parental response
Play (parallel play)
| This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
- Child plays alongside other children but not with them
- Mostly free and spontaneous, no rules or regulations
- Attention span very short and change of toys occurs at frequent intervals
- Imitation and make-believe play begins by end of the second year
Games: throwing and retrieving objects
Suggested toys:
- Play furniture, dishes, cooking utensils, play telephone, puzzles with large pieces, pedal propelled toys, rocking horse, clay crayons, finger paints, pounding toys, blocks, push-pull toys, balls
Squatting
Main article: Squatting position Young child playing at ease in a squatting positionYoung children squat instinctively as a continuous movement from standing up whenever they want to lower themselves to ground level. One and two year olds can commonly be seen playing in a stable squatting position, with feet wide apart and bottom not quite touching the floor, although at first they need to hold onto something to stand up again.[6]
Language
Talking is the next milestone of which parents are typically aware. A toddler's first word most often occurs around 12 months, but again this is only an average. The child will then continue to steadily add to his or her vocabulary until around the age of 18 months when language increases rapidly. He or she may learn as many as 7-9 new words a day. Around this time, toddlers generally know about 50 words. At 21 months is when toddlers begin to incorporate two word phrases into their vocabulary, such as "I go", "mama give", and "baby play". Before going to sleep they often engage in a monologue called crib talk in which they practice conversational skills. At this age, children are becoming very proficient at conveying their wants and needs to their parents in a verbal fashion.
Emotions and self
There are several other important milestones that are achieved in this time period that parents tend to not emphasize as much as walking and talking. Gaining the ability to point at whatever it is the child wants you to see shows huge psychological gains in a toddler. This generally happens before a child's first birthday.
This age is sometimes referred to as 'the terrible twos',[7][8] because of the temper tantrums for which they are famous. This stage can begin as early as nine months old depending on the child and environment. Toddlers tend to have temper tantrums because they have such strong emotions but do not know how to express themselves the way that older children and adults do. The toddler is discovering that they are a separate being from their parent and are testing their boundaries in learning the way the world around them works. Although the toddler is in their exploratory phase, it is also important to understand that the methods used by the parents for communicating with the toddler can either set off a tantrum or calm the situation.[9] This time between the ages of two and five when they are reaching for independence repeats itself during adolescence.
Self-awareness is another milestone that helps parents understand how a toddler is reacting. Around 18 months of age, a child will begin to recognize himself or herself as a separate physical being with his/her own thoughts and actions. A parent can test if this milestone has been reached by noticing if the toddler recognizes that their reflection in a mirror is in fact themselves. One way to test this is to put lipstick on the child's forehead and show them their own reflection. Upon seeing the out-of-the-ordinary mark, if the child reaches to her own forehead, the child has achieved this important milestone. Along with self recognition comes feelings of embarrassment and pride that the child had not previously experienced.
Toilet training
Although there is a growing movement of parents who choose to help their babies use the toilet from birth (see "Elimination Communication" and "Infant potty training method" for more details), most children in the United States are toilet trained while they are toddlers. In most Western countries, toilet training can begin as early as 9 months (as soon as the child starts to walk) for some, while others are not ready to begin toilet training until they are up to three years old. Two important indicators of toilet training readiness are whether a child understands the concept of using the toilet and whether they have any control over excreting waste (parents who use elimination communication do not have to wait for these readiness signs to help their babies use the potty). This can be a frustrating time for parents. Some toddlers can learn this task in a week, while some take up to eight or nine months.
Overview table
The toddler developmental timeline shows what an average toddler can do at what age. Times vary greatly from child to child. It is common for some toddlers to master certain skills (such as walking) well before other skills (like talking). Even close siblings can vary greatly in the time taken to achieve each key milestone.
| Age | Physical | Mental | Emotional |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12–14 months |
|
||
| 15–18 months |
|
||
| 19–24 months |
|
|
|
| 25–36 months |
|
|
See also
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Toddlers |
- Baby walker
- Child development stages
- Early childhood
- Early childhood education
- Sign language in infants and toddlers
References
- ^ Barker, Robin (2001) The Mighty Toddler: The essential guide to the toddler years, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, p1.
- ^ Leiberman, Alicia F, (1993) The Emotional Life of the Toddler, The Free Press, New York, p1.
- ^ Barker, Robin (2001) The Mighty Toddler: The essential guide to the toddler years, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, p1.
- ^ Barker, Robin (2001) The Mighty Toddler: The essential guide to the toddler years, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, p19.
- ^ Feigelman S. The first year. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chapter 8 quoted in Developmental milestones record - 12 months MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
- ^ Slentz K, Krogh S Early Childhood Development and Its Variations (2001)
- ^ "The Terrible Twos Explained - Safe Kids (UK)". Safe Kids. http://www.safekids.co.uk/terrible-twos-explained.html. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
- ^ "UKfamily and Raisingkids have closed". Ukfamily.co.uk. http://ukfamily.co.uk/community/adviceopedia/baby-toddler/behaviour/terrible-twos.html. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
- ^ "Toddlers World". Archived from the original on 2011-02-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20110207105113/http://toddlers-world.com/.
| Preceded by Infancy | Stages of human development Toddlerhood | Succeeded by Childhood |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Categories:
|
Pronunciation
- Audio (US) (file)
- A quite young human being, typically two to three years old, but can refer to any child that has started walking, up to about four years old, or at the time they have mastered walking.
- A traffic cone.